工業通風管道設計中常見問題
Common problems in industrial ventilation duct design
(1）通風系統劃分問題。部分工廠出于私利或圖方便，往往統一劃分為一個系統，不僅不能達到很好的通風效果，還為工廠作業埋下了隱患。當工業區域面積較廣，安置多個排送風點時，可設計統一連接的管理系統，將總臺風機和多項排風點形成一個整體。而系統的劃分則可以結合工業生產性質、流程、時間、運行參數，以及對空氣、濕度、溫度的需求等因素，相同或類似的可劃分為一個系統進行統一管理，而兩種易混合且混合后會產生更大毒害性的氣體，或易引發火災、爆炸的氣體，就務必不能劃分為一個系統，而應設計獨立的通風系統[5]。
(1) Division of ventilation system. Some factories are often divided into one system for their own interests or convenience, which not only can not achieve good ventilation effect, but also bury hidden dangers for factory operation. When the industrial area is large and multiple exhaust and supply points are installed, a unified and connected management system can be designed to integrate the total fan and multiple exhaust points. The division of the system can combine the industrial production nature, process, time, operating parameters, and the demand for air, humidity, temperature and other factors. The same or similar can be divided into one system for unified management. However, the two gases that are easy to mix and will produce more toxic gases after mixing, or are easy to cause fire and explosion, must not be divided into one system, but should be designed as an independent ventilation system [5].
(2）通風管道選材與斷面形狀問題。管道的材料與斷面形狀是實現工業管道通風良好效益的根源所在，一旦選錯材料或形狀，不僅會對工業建筑結構的美觀造成破壞，還會達不到通風的效果與目的，甚至會因材料的不過關，在通風管道的使用階段埋下隱患。一方面，要選擇正確的管道材料。例如：在熔化爐周邊，就要考慮到耐高溫的屬性，選擇耐熱耐磨性較高的合金鋼。另一方面，選擇適合的管道斷面的形狀也尤為關鍵。一般而言，圓形更適合具有高速流動要求的管道；而管道斷面大時，選擇矩形較為合適，對提高空間的利用率也有輔助作用。
(2) Material selection and section shape of ventilation duct. The material and section shape of the pipe are the root of realizing the good benefits of industrial pipe ventilation. Once the wrong material or shape is selected, it will not only damage the beauty of the industrial building structure, but also fail to achieve the ventilation effect and purpose, and even bury hidden dangers in the use stage of the ventilation pipe due to the poor material. On the one hand, it is necessary to select the correct pipe material. For example, alloy steel with high heat resistance and wear resistance should be selected around the melting furnace in consideration of its high temperature resistance. On the other hand, it is very important to choose the appropriate shape of pipe section. In general, circular is more suitable for pipes with high-speed flow requirements; When the pipeline section is large, it is more appropriate to select a rectangle, which also plays an auxiliary role in improving the utilization of space.
(3）通風管道的布局問題。通風管道的布局需要盡可能便捷，保持管道的順直，同時還可以將用于調節和檢測的設備安裝到通風管道中，以便對通風管道的運行進行實時、系統的管理。此外，還需要根據實際的通風需求來進行設計，如當輸送的氣體中含有液體時，就可以將通風管道布局為斜坡狀，進而達到消除積液的目的。
(3) Layout of ventilation ducts. The layout of the ventilation duct should be as convenient as possible to keep the duct smooth and straight. At the same time, the equipment used for adjustment and detection can be installed in the ventilation duct to facilitate real-time and systematic management of the operation of the ventilation duct. In addition, it also needs to be designed according to the actual ventilation demand. For example, when the transported gas contains liquid, the ventilation duct can be arranged in a slope shape to achieve the purpose of eliminating liquid accumulation.
(4）通風管道的溫度平衡問題。通風管道的溫度平衡問題方面是非常重要的一個環節，一旦設計不合理，就極容易造成管道因溫度過高或過低，或是長期處于潮濕的環境中而造成管道破裂等問題發生。尤其是由于通風管道在運行過程中會帶來熱量、冷量、能量的大量消耗，因此對通風管道的控溫結構就有著較高的要求，通常包含保溫、防潮、保護層三層防護。保溫層是管道的核心，防潮則是為了避免管道材料與水、水蒸氣的接觸，而保護層則是對保溫層與防潮層加以保護，避免其損壞。
(4) Temperature balance of ventilation duct. The temperature balance of the ventilation pipe is a very important link. Once the design is unreasonable, it is very easy to cause the pipe rupture due to the high or low temperature, or the long-term humid environment. Especially, because the ventilation duct will bring a large amount of heat, cooling capacity and energy consumption during operation, there are high requirements for the temperature control structure of the ventilation duct, which usually includes three layers of protection: thermal insulation, moisture-proof and protective layer. The insulation layer is the core of the pipeline. The damp proof is to avoid the contact between the pipeline material and water and steam, while the protective layer is to protect the insulation layer and damp proof layer from damage.
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